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Developing reliable, yet flexible software is a hard problem. Formal methods take a precise approach to software development, delivering reliable software; however, in addition to high cost involvements, they require a level of expertise that is not common in commercial development communities. These limitations lead to decreasing their practicality. Semi-formal methods, which are widely used in practical large-scale software development, do not take a rigorous approach to reliability of software in development. Investigation of advantages and limitations of semi-formal and formal methods, theoretically (by surveying the literature) and empirically (by defining a suitable case study), shows that combination of both methods ensures achieving high quality models which in turn lead to flexibility and more reliable software. This work proposes a new approach to integrate formal (Object-Z) and semi-formal (UML) notations using a bidirectional, precise, and consistent meta-model-based transformation. Accordingly, software is initially modeled using Object-Z. These formal models, along with formal refinement ensure reliability. With an iterative and evolutionary approach, formal models are visualized in UML. Applying design patterns on visualized models improves flexibility. The improved models are then re-formalized.
The digital revolution has transformed how we live and work. It has helped us to create new, tailored products and services and we can do almost everything faster, more conveniently and affordably than ever before.Yet as technology has permeated society, the amount of energy it consumes has grown huge. New technologies such as artificial intelligence, block chain and quantum computing will compound these energy needs.
Commitment of resources to achieve later benefits
About money and things that are worth money: assets, stocks, funds, resources, etc.
the process of identifying, assessing and controlling financial, legal, strategic and security risks to an organization's capital and earnings.